Notes

Weather report: 29.3646° S, 51.6658° W. Last week, in the member’s despatch, we looked at the flooding in Rio Grande do Sul in southern Brazil. More than 350 millimeters of rain fell there on June 18. As it happens, the same region was hit with catastrophic flooding in 2024 that reached all the way to Porto Allegre, Rio Grande do Sul’s capital city, significantly to the east of the 2025 flooding.

That system, in April 2024, dropped more than 300 millimeters of rain in less than a week, closing the international airport, sweeping through major sports stadiums, and closing several highways. The floodwater didn’t recede for a month.